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    | q | Over time, the tilt angle varies in a narrow 
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    |  | range (22.2° ~ 24.5°). 
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    |  | 
   
    | q | These variations are caused by the 
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    |  | gravitational tug of large planets, such as 
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    |  | Jupiter. 
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    |  | 
   
    | q | The present-day value of the tile is decreasing. 
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    |  | 
   
    | q | Cyclic changes in the tilt angle occur at a 
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    |  | period of 41,000 years. 
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    |  | 
   
    | q | Changes in tilt cause long-term variations in 
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    |  | seasonal solar insolation received on Earth. 
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    |  | 
   
    | q | The main effect of tilt changes is to amplify or 
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    |  | suppress the seasons: increase tilt amplifies 
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    |  | seasonal differences, decreased tilt reduces 
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    |  | them. 
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