1	Chapter 2: Meteorological Measurements
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3	Synoptic Meteorology Observations of atmospheric properties are taken at different locations at the same time to construct weather maps for analysis. Meteorologists call these measurements synoptic and studies using these measurement synoptic meteorology.
4	Technology and Meteorology
5	Observation Time for Weather Map
6	Time Zone
7	UTC And US Standard Time
8	Surface Measurements: ASOS/AWOS
9	AWOS
10	What Instruments does ASOS/AWOS Have? Rain sensor Temperature sensor Dewpoint temperature sensor Pressure sensor Device to detect precipitation Wind vane for wind direction Anemometer for wind speed Devices to measure sky conditions
11	What does ASOS/AWOS Report? Cloud height and amount Visibility Precipitation type, intensity, and accumulation (bgn/ending time) Obstruction to vision (such as fog or haze) (maybe visibility) Sea-level pressure (may also report pressure tendency) Altimeter setting Temperature Dewpoint temperature Wind direction, speed, and character (gusts, squalls)
12	Surface Weather Stations
13	Meteogram
14	A Winter Day in Buffalo, NY
15	Rawinsondes
16	Rawinsonde Stations
17	Sounding and Stuve Diagram
18	A Sounding over Minneapolis, Minnesota
19	Skew-T/Log P Diagram
20	Stuve and Skew-T Diagrams
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22	Adiabatic Chart: Dry Adiabatic / q
23	Adiabatic Chart: Moist Adiabatic
24	Adiabatic Chart: Mixing Ratio
25	An Example
26	Hodographs
27	Information on a Hodograph
28	Thermal Wind Balance
29	Physical Meanings The thermal wind is a vertical shear in the geostrophic wind caused by a horizontal temperature gradient. Its name is a misnomer, because the thermal wind is not actually a wind, but rather a wind gradient. The vertical shear (including direction and speed) of geostrophic wind is related to the horizontal variation of temperature. è The thermal wind equation is an extremely useful diagnostic tool, which is often used to check analyses of the observed wind and temperature fields for consistency. It can also be used to estimate the mean horizontal temperature advection in a layer. Thermal wind blows parallel to the isotherms with the warm air to the right facing downstream in the Northern Hemisphere.
30	Radar
31	Radar Echo and Precipitation
32	Processing of Radar Signals Precipitation Mode Red, pink, purple, white è intense precipitation Yellow è moderate rain Green, blue è light rain Clear Air Mode Radars receive energy scattered back from insets, birds, turbulence, and ground objects.
33	Doppler Radar Doppler radars can provide not only precipitation information but also wind information (along the direction of radar beams). Doppler radars send out microwave signals in a specific frequency, which may be slightly shifted when the signals are scattered back due to the motion of precipitation. (similar to the higher and lower pitching sounds we hear with an approaching or leaving train). The larger the precipitation motion (which is due to wind blowing), the larger the shift. Therefore, Doppler radars can use the frequency shift information to derive the motion of the precipitation (and wind information).
34	US Network of Doppler Radars
35	Storms over Northeastern Kansas
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37	Wind Profiler
38	Wind Profiler Network
39	The Passage of a Cold Front Measured by a Wind Profiler
40	Satellites Satellites are found in two types of orbits: geostationary orbits and low Earth orbits.
41	Spectrum of Radiation Radiation energy comes in an infinite number of wavelengths. We can divide these wavelengths into a few bands.
42	Geostationary Satellites
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44	Seven Geostationary Satellites
45	National Weather Service