1
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- Ekman Transport
- Ekman Pumping
- Wind-Driven Circulation
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2
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- Upper Ocean (~100 m)
- Shallow, warm upper layer
where light is abundant and where most marine life can be found.
- Deep Ocean
- Cold, dark, deep ocean where
plenty supplies of nutrients and carbon exist.
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3
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4
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5
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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- Currents are in geostropic balance
- Each gyre includes 4 current components:
- two boundary currents:
western and eastern
- two transverse currents:
easteward and westward
- Western boundary current (jet stream of ocean)
- the fast, deep, and narrow
current moves warm water polarward
(transport ~50 Sv or greater)
- Eastern boundary current
- the slow, shallow, and broad
current moves cold water equatorward (transport ~ 10-15 Sv)
- Trade wind-driven current
- the moderately shallow and
broad westward current (transport ~ 30 Sv)
- Westerly-driven current
- the wider and slower (than
the trade wind-driven current) eastward current
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11
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- Western Boundary Current
- Gulf Stream (in the North
Atlantic)
- Kuroshio Current (in the
North Pacific)
- Brazil Current (in the
South Atlantic)
- Eastern Australian Current
(in the South Pacific)
- Agulhas Current (in the
Indian Ocean)
- Eastern Boundary Current
- Canary Current (in the North
Atlantic)
- California Current (in the
North Pacific)
- Benguela Current (in the
South Atlantic)
- Peru Current (in the South
Pacific)
- Western Australian Current
(in the Indian Ocean)
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12
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13
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- Mixed Layer
- Currents controlled by
frictional force + Coriolis force
- à wind-driven circulation
- à Ekman transport (horizontal direction)
- à convergence/divergence
- à downwelling/upwelling at the bottom of mixed
layer
- Thermocline
- downwelling/upwelling in the
mixed layer
- à pressure gradient force + Coriolis force
- à geostrophic current
- à Sverdrup transport (horizontal)
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14
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15
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16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
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